In a nutshell, there are a few different types of numbers on the castings of your tractor. So here's a quick primer on numbers:
If the number is 6-digits, an R, and then 1-2 more digits, it is a part number. These will be different for each different part on the tractor. This is how IH cataloged the individual parts for inventory management, and to order replacement parts.
If the number is in the form of XX-YY-Q, then it is a date code for the casting. XX and YY are month and day of month. The Q is a letter code that indicates year. Q would be 1947, R = 1948, S = 1949, T = 1950, U-V-W = 1951, X = 1952, Y = 1953, Z = 1954. From there it starts over at A and goes on one letter per year until sometime in the 1970's, when I think IH did away with the casting date codes.
If the number is stamped into a flat spot on the engine, then it is a serial number for the engine. FCUBMXXXX is what I'm talking about here. The FCUBM just means it is a Farmall Cub. AFAIK the M does not stand for anything special.
None of the numbers will match, unless you are comparing two identical parts or two castings just happen to have been made on the same day. These numbers will not always be easily found on every casting. Some small castings do not have numbers at all.
There is one number on the right side of the torque tube in the form of L-2-X, in large print, that I do not know the significance of.
Individual parts were not serial numbered, so you can't check for "numbers matching" as you would a classic Corvette or Barracuda. Even the engine serial number will not be the same as the tractor serial number. That means, 1644 is not your tractor's serial number, but I think there is a program or spreadsheet out there that can give you a good guess at what your tractor's serial number is.